This information plays an important role in developing a treatment plan.
What is Gum Disease?
Gum disease is a serious infectious disease that affects the gums and the bone tissue that supports the teeth. This disease usually occurs as a result of plaque and tartar buildup on the teeth. Plaque is a sticky film formed by bacteria, and if not cleaned regularly, it turns into tartar. Tartar formation causes inflammation in the gums, and if left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. Gum disease not only affects oral health, but can also lead to serious health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and premature birth.
Types of Gum Disease
Gum disease is examined in two main stages. The first stage is called gingivitis, and during this period, only the gums are affected. In the gingivitis stage, the gums become red, swollen, and bleed when brushing. This stage is reversible and can be completely cured with proper care. The second stage is known as periodontitis, and in this case, the infection spreads deeper than the gums, to the bone and connective tissue. In the periodontitis stage, the gums recede from the teeth, bone loss occurs, and the teeth begin to loosen. This stage is irreversible and can cause permanent damage.
Causes and Risk Factors of the Disease
The main cause of gum disease is poor oral hygiene. When teeth are not brushed regularly and dental floss is not used, plaque builds up. Over time, this plaque mineralizes and turns into tartar, which can only be removed by professional cleaning. Smoking significantly increases the risk of gum disease because it impairs blood circulation and weakens the immune system. Diabetics are at higher risk for gum disease because high blood sugar levels reduce the body’s resistance to infection. Hormonal changes, especially during pregnancy, make gums more sensitive. Genetic factors also play an important role, and some people are more prone to gum disease.
Signs and Symptoms
Early signs of gum disease are usually mild and often overlooked. The most common sign is bleeding when brushing or flossing. Healthy gums do not bleed, so any bleeding should prompt a visit to the dentist. Redness, swelling, and tenderness in the gums are other important signs. Bad breath and a bad taste in the mouth can also be signs of the disease. As the disease progresses, the gums begin to recede from the teeth, and the teeth appear longer. Gaps may form between the teeth, and the teeth may begin to loosen. In advanced stages, abscesses may form, causing severe pain.
Diagnosis and Examination Process
The diagnosis of gum disease is made through a comprehensive examination. The dentist first evaluates the appearance of the gums and checks for bleeding. The depth of the gum pockets is measured using a special tool called a periodontal probe. In healthy gums, the pocket depth is between 1-3 mm. If the depth is more than 4 mm, gum disease is suspected. An X-ray is taken to assess the amount of bone loss. In some cases, bacterial tests may be performed to determine which bacteria are causing the infection.
Treatment Methods
The treatment of gum disease is determined according to the severity of the disease. In cases of gingivitis in its early stages, professional cleaning may be sufficient. During this procedure, plaque and tartar are removed, and the patient is instructed on proper brushing and flossing techniques. In more advanced cases, root planing may be necessary. This procedure involves cleaning the surface of the tooth roots and smoothing them. Performed under local anesthesia, this procedure helps control the infection. Antibiotic treatment is sometimes administered systemically and sometimes locally. In advanced cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. With flap surgery, the gums are lifted, infected tissues are cleaned, and the gums are sutured back into place. In cases of bone loss, bone grafting may be performed.
Prevention and Protection
The most important factor in preventing gum disease is regular and proper oral hygiene. Teeth should be brushed at least twice a day, preferably after every meal. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and brushing should last at least 2 minutes. Using dental floss is very important because it cleans areas that the toothbrush cannot reach. Using an antiseptic mouthwash reduces the number of bacteria. Avoiding smoking significantly reduces the risk of disease. Healthy eating, especially consuming foods rich in vitamin C, is beneficial for gum health. Regular dental check-ups are very important for early diagnosis and treatment. Having a professional cleaning every 6 months plays a critical role in preventing disease.
Conclusion
Although gum disease is a serious health problem, it is preventable and treatable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, tooth loss can be prevented and a healthy mouth structure can be maintained. Regular oral hygiene, a healthy lifestyle, and professional care can protect against gum disease. It is very important to see a dentist immediately when symptoms of the disease appear for successful treatment.